Table 1 |
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Methodologies of the healthcare studies discussed. |
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| Ethnography, participant observation, qualitative interviews, focus groups |
Cassell, 2004 [3]; Zola, 1963 [8]; Glaser, 1964 [9]; Roth, 1972 [10]; Varcoe, 2003 [12]; Emerson, 1976 [16]; Jeffery, 1979 [18]; Bolton, 2005 [19]; Willems, 2005 [40]; Monnickendam, 2007 [45]; Fiscella, 1997 [46]; May, 2004 [48]; Wear, 2006 [50]; Hadfield, 2009 [54]; Lyth, 1988 [60] |
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| Survey of clinicians or patients (not both) |
Weitzman, 2000 [44]; Malat, 2006 [47]; Mackay, 2005 [53]; Nicolaidis, 2005 [56]; Regan, 2009 [61]; Foster, 2003 [64]; von Hippel, 2008 [66]; Merrill, 1993 [87] |
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| Mixed survey and qualitative interviews |
Bowers, 2002 [20]; Regehr, 2002 [129] |
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| Linked qualitative physician and patient interviews |
Scott, 2008 [26] |
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| Linked patient and physician surveys with one-year follow-up patient survey |
Hall, 2002 [13] |
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|
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| Videotaped visits followed by linked qualitative interviews of patients and clinicians |
Katz, 2009 [14] |
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|
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| Observed and audiotaped visits followed by linked qualitative interviews of patients
and clinicians |
Weissmann, 2006 [110] |
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| Qualitative physician interviews linked to patient record review |
Shaw, 2004 [17] |
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| Survey of physicians linked to patient records and angiogram data |
van Ryn, 2006 [71] |
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| Standardized patient visits (surreptitiously audiotaped) linked to psychological testing
of physicians |
Chapman, 2008 [88] |
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|
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| Psychological tests and speech analysis of patients linked to psychological tests
and speech analysis of clinicians |
Berry, 2008 [93] |
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| Tests of implicit and explicit attitudes linking clinicians and patients (IAT) |
Brener, 2007 [65] |
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| Conversation analysis of videotaped visits |
Webb, 2009 [51]; Pillet-Shore, 2006 [52] |
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| Web-based trigger written vignette and photo followed by survey and implicit attitude
tests (IAT) |
Green, 2007 [70] |
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| Trigger videotape followed by countertransference instrument |
Schwartz, 2007 [59] |
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|
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| Educator interviews of trainees following observed visits |
Smith, 2005 [62] |
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|
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| Trigger written vignette followed by survey and empathy instrument |
Tait, 2005 [49] |
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| Controlled experiment randomizing medical students into different teaching programs
with quantitative and qualitative performance, psychological, and sociological data |
Hammond, 1959 [42] |
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The first cluster encompasses a diverse group of qualitative methodologies, often mixed within the same study. The survey methodologies in the second cluster also vary significantly. Of note are studies that link specific clinicians to data on their specific patients. IAT = Implicit Association Test. |
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Hill Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine 2010 5:11 doi:10.1186/1747-5341-5-11 |
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